Verb Phrases and Tenses
A
verb phrase consists of a main verb alone, or a main verb plus any modal and/or
auxiliary verbs. The main verb always comes last in the verb phrase:
Sebuah
frasa verba terdiri dari kata kerja utama saja, atau kata kerja utama ditambah
modal dan / atau kata kerja bantu. Kata kerja utama selalu datang terakhir
dalam kalimat verba
(mo = modal verb; aux =
auxiliary verb; mv = main verb)
We
all [MV]laughed.
Computers
[MO]can [MV]be very annoying!
An
apartment [MO]would [AUX]have [MV] cost less than a hotel for four of us.
Tony
[MO]might [AUX]have [AUX]been [MV] waiting outside for you.
·
Verb phrase berdasarkan traditional grammaradalah kelompok kata berupa main verb (kata kerja utama( dan
auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu), sedangkan berdasarkan generative grammar
adalah predicate — main verb beserta seluruh elemen yang melengkapinya:
auxiliary verb, complement (objek kalimat), dan/atau modifier, namun tidak
termasuk subjek kalimat.
Verb
Phrase
Traditional
Grammar main verb
Generative
Grammar +/- auxiliary verb + main verb +/- complement +/-
modifier
Keterangan:
Complement
(objek kalimat) dibutuhkan jika kata kerja utama berupa transitive verb.
Modifier
dapat berupa adjective, adverb, atau konstruksi lain yang berfungsi seperti salah
satu dari part of speech tersebut.
Contoh-contoh
verb phrase berikut berdasarkan traditional grammar. Keterangan: Verb phrase =
bold.
Contoh Kalimat Verb Phrase
Keterangan
I enjoy swimming.
(Saya
menikmati berenang.)
enjoy = main verb
You should
see a doctor during pregnancy.
(Kamu
seharusnya mengunjungi dokter selama hamil.)
should = modal auxiliary verb;
see =
main verb
It has just been raining
in Bogor.
(Baru
saja turun hujan di
Bogor.)
has, been = auxiliary verb;
just
= adverb (modifier);
raining
= main verb berupa present participle
Complex verb phrases
A
complex verb phrase may include one modal verb and one or more auxiliary verbs
before the main verb. A modal verb always comes before any auxiliary verbs:
Sebuah frase verba kompleks
mungkin termasuk salah satu modal kerja dan satu atau lebih kata kerja bantu
sebelum kata kerja utama. Kata kerja modal selalu datang sebelum kata kerja
bantu:
(mo =
modal verb; aux = auxiliary verb; mv = main verb)
House prices [MO]could [MV]fall during the next six months. (modal verb +
main verb)
You [MO]may [AUX]have [MV]played this game before. (modal verb + one
auxiliary verb)
The work [MO]should [AUX]have [AUX]been [MV]finished by 30 January. (modal verb + two auxiliary
verbs)
TENSES
Simple
Present Tense
Simple
Present Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu hal yang terus-menerus
dilakukan, kegiatan sehari-hari, dan juga
untuk menyatakan atau menyebutkan suatu
fakta atau kebenaran
umum. Dalam Simple Present Tense, kata kerja (verb) yang
digunakan adalah
kata kerja (verb) bentuk awal.
Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple
Present Tense
(+)
Subject + Verb 1 + Object
(-)
Subject + DON’T / DOESN’T + Verb 1 + Object
(?)
DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
(?)
Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?
Present
Continuous Tense
Tense
ini digunakan untuk menyebut perubahan bentuk kata kerja berdasarkan waktu
terjadinya. Dalam pengertian Present Continuous Tense
merupakan tense bentuk yang
menunjuk pada tindakan yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau ketika pembicaraan
Itu sedang berlangsung
Berikut
rumus present continuous tense untuk membuat kalimat-kalimat
Positif
(+):
subject + to be (am, is, are) +
Verb – ing + object
Contoh : I am watching TV now
Negatif
(+):
subject + to be + not + verb –
ing + object
Contoh : Hermawan is not going
to Jakarta atau
Hermawan isn’t going to Jakarta
Tanya(?)
:
to be + subject + verb – ing +
object
Is Mrs. Salsa cooking in the
kitchen ?
Present Perfect Tense
Present
Perfect Tense menekankan pada PERFECT nya itu. Perfect kan artinya “sempurna”.
sempurna yang berarti “selesai, sudah, beres, baru saja usai, dsb”. Jadi, kalau
Anda menekankan pada “SUDAH” nya itu maka gunakanlah Present Perfect Tense ini.
Contoh yang paling mengena misalnya: Dia baru saja pergi (She has just gone). :
Positif: S + have/has + V3
Negatif: S + have/sas Not + V3
Tanya: Have/has + S
+ V3
Present Perfect Continuous
Present
perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan atau peristiwa
yang sudah mulai terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih sedang berlangsung sampai
sekarang.
Pola
kalimat:
(+) S + have/has + been + V-ing
(-) S + have/has + not + been +
V-ing
(?) Have/has + S + been + V-ing
Simple Past Tense
Simple
past tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja sederhana untuk menunjukkan bahwa
suatu peristiwa/ kejadian yang dilakukan pada masa lampau dan diketahui pula
waktu terjadinya peristiwa atau kejadian
tersebut.
Rumus simple past tense
Rumus
simple past tense ada 2, yaitu rumus simple past tense (verbal) dan (nominal);
Verbal
(+) S
+ Verb-2 + O + adverb
(- )
S + did + not + Verb-1 + O + adverb
(?)
Did + S + Verb-1 + O + adverb ?
Nominal
(+) S
+ tobe-2 (was/ were) + Complement (adjective/ noun (pronoun)/ adverb )
(- )
S + tobe-2 (was/ were) + not + Complement (adjective/ noun (pronoun)/ adverb )
(?)
Tobe-2 (was/ were) + S + Complement (adjective/ noun (pronoun)/ adverb ) ?
|
Simple Present
|
Simple Past
|
Simple Future
|
|
I study English every day.
|
Two years ago,
I studied English in England.
|
If youarehaving
problems, I will help you study English.
I am going to study English next year.
|
|
Present Continuous
|
Past Continuous
|
Future Continuous
|
|
I am studying English now.
|
I was studying English when you called yesterday.
|
I will be studying English when you arrive
tonight.
I am going to be studying English when you arrive
tonight.
|
|
Present Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
Future Perfect
|
|
I have studied English in several
different countries.
|
I had studied a little English before I moved to
the U.S.
|
I will have studied every tense by the time I finish
this course.
I am going to have studied every tense by the time
I finish this course.
|
|
Present Perfect Continuous
|
Past Perfect Continuous
|
Future Perfect Continuous
|
|
I have been studying English for five
years.
|
I had been studying English for five years before
I moved to the U.S.
|
I will have been studying English for over two
hours by the time you arrive.
I am going to have been studying English for over
two hours by the time you arrive.
|
Verb Tense Overview with
Examples
Sumber:
Komentar
Posting Komentar